GIS basic operations 

When considering a GIS application  , there are various types of work to be done , in order to perform well those activities include 

• Capture
• Storage
• Editing
• Analysis
• Visualization
• Getting outputs 

Data Capturing 

There are various ways of getting data in to a GIS application for example data can be gain from Satellite images or aerial photographs  this is one the most accurate and reliable ways of getting data , and when creating a map of a certain area or a country aerial photographs plays a vital part

Another way to get data is by digitizing printed material using scanners or digitizing equipment , and there are such devices that first map the printed map to a coordinate system and then users can map the Geo objects one by one into the digitize form . 

Getting data from existing databases are also a great method of grabbing some useful data , and one drawback of this method is that data can be outdated. but still they can be useful.

Also users can get data by GPS systems , and this is not a fast and straight forward way in most cases this method is used to correct the gathered data or when there is uncertainties in aerial or satellite images , GPS systems can be used to correct it.

Storage

When storing GIS data it's recommended to use databases systems which have geodatabase capabilities 

so that the users can easily use those special facilities given from the database,  

Editing

after capturing and storing data , then the process start to edit the captured data , in every case captured data are have so many faults , and these faults needed to be corrected , and even for the accuracy those captured data must be rechecked for the correctness. and the time Geo data keep changing rapidly so have to monitor those changes and apply to the existing data.

Analyzing

Data analyzing is one of the main features of a GIS system and by analyzing Geo data , we can make many conclusions , Identify certain patters , rhythms , and importantly future predictions can be made by using those data, 

Analyzing methods 

1. Buffered analysis 
2. Spatial analysis 
3. Spatial statistics 

Buffer analysis is used for identifying areas surrounding geographic features.The method includes  generating a buffer around existing geographic features and then identifying or selecting features based on whether they fall inside or outside the boundary of the buffer.

For example, in a Nuclear explosion GIS  system can mark a buffer around the affected areas to identify the most and least exposed areas and then 

can mark the evacuation areas.

Visualizing

Visualizing Geo data is a one of the main outputs of a GIS System, after doing all the hard work it's important to visualize gathered data and finding in a proper unfriendly way , and many users will only see this part of the project, so visualizing should be graphically  readable .